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Teaching practice is an important link in the process of postgraduate training. This paper analyzes the current situation and existing problems of postgraduate teaching practice, and discusses the influence of new teaching practice mode on postgraduate training. Aiming at the problems existing in the teaching practice of postgraduate students, this paper carries out the reform from five aspects: subject course learning, teaching preparation, theoretical teaching, experimental teaching participation and teaching management participation, and evaluates the implementation effect of the reform. Through the reform of postgraduate teaching practice, the teaching ability and social competitiveness of postgraduate students have been effectively improved. The new teaching practice mode provides new ideas and methods for the cultivation of postgraduate students' teaching ability.
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Objective@#To analyze the genetic characteristics of whole-genome and quasispecies sequences from three hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains in China.@*Methods@#Serum samples from acute hepatitis A patients were collected and viral RNA extraction, transcription, nested PCR, sequencing and assembling were performed to gain near full-length sequences; cloning-based sequencing of the full-length VP1-2 A region was also performed.@*Results@#Genotyping showed that the nucleotide and amino acid identities among three strains on VP1-2 A junction region were both 100% and all belonged to subgenotype IA; the nucleotide and amino acid identities on whole-genome region were 99.9%-100% and 100% respectively, and shared the highest identities with AH2 strain from GenBank of 98.5% in nucleotide and 99.7% in amino acid level; no amino acid variation was found among published neutralizing antigenic sites. Within cloning sequences from each strain, the nucleotide and amino acid identities were 99.0%-100% and 98.1%-100%, while among all cloning sequences were 99.0%-100% and 97.2%-100%. The variation rate of nucleotide and amino acid in VP1-2 A junction region were both higher than that of partial VP1 region.@*Conclusions@#Sequences among three strains in VP1-2 A region were identical, the nucleotide and amino acid identities in both whole-genome region and among quasispecies sequences were relatively high to deduce that they were from the same outbreak. This study provides new insight for identification of HAV transmissions and tracing investigations.
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Objective@#Two kits for detecting anti-HAV antibody produced by Abbott Laboratories are evaluated for their performance in order to use in the anti-HAV antibodies detections.@*Methods@#Serially diluted standard reference serum were detected 4 times with HAVAb2.0 kit and HAV-IgG kit , then fit standard curves and calculated Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). 120 serum that have different levels of anti-HAV antibodies were chosen to be detected by two kits and calculated sensitivity and specificity, receive operation characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) while the results of HAV-IgG were used as golden standard.@*Results@#R2 and ICC for HAV-IgG were 0.9977 and 0.999, respectively, higher than 0.9893 and 0.995(P>0.05) for HAVAb2.0. Sensitivity and specificity for HAVAb2.0 were 93.15% and 100% and AUC was 0.994 when kit HAV-IgG was chosen as golden standard.@*Conclusion@#There is little difference in performance between HAV-IgG and HAVAb2.0, both of them can be used in anti-HAV antibodies detection.
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Objective@#To explore the method of enhancing the ability to detect HCV infection and to provide the advice for practical work.@*Methods@#A total of 487 samples from a village in Hebei Province were selected by cluster sampling. Serum samples were detected by anti-HCV and HCV-RNA assays. The results were compared between the two tests. The correlation of HCV-RNA quantification and its anti-HCV s/n value was analyzed.@*Results@#The positive values of anti-HCV and HCV-RNA were 22.1% and 14.2%, respectively, which were lower than that of the parallel test (χ2=4.0000, P=0.0455, χ2=42.0000, P <0.0001). The HCV-RNA quantification of the samples was positively correlated with the anti-HCV s/n value, which means anti-HCV s/n value increased with HCV-RNA quantification.@*Conclusion@#The parallel test of anti-HCV and HCV-RNA can enhance the ability to detect HCV infection.
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Objective@#To compare two Taq-man Real-time PCR methods for detection of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA (HBV cccDNA) in serum or liver tissue.@*Methods@#Two sets of primers and probes (common Taq-Man probe and MGB Taq-Man probe) were synthesized according to the reference papers, and the sensitivity and specificity of the two methods were compared using prepared plasmid as standard curve, and HBV DNA samples were exlracted from serum and liver tissue samples of hepatitis B patients. The samples were tested with both methods separately before or after the digestion with a Plasmid-Safe ATP-dependent Dnase (PSAD).@*Results@#Both of these two kinds of detection methods had a good linear relationship with the prepared plasmid as standard curve (R2 0.989 or 0.976 respectively, CV were within 4% ), and obtained good specificity when the HBV DNA samples were tested before or after digestion with PSAD. The common Taq-Man probe had lower Ct value than MGB probe when the samples in the same concentration.@*Conclusions@#Both methods can be used for HBV cccDNA detection. The common Taq-Man probe has slightly higher sensitivity than MGB probe, while the MGB probe has lower background than the common Taq-Man probe in our test. One can select the appropriate probe according to the need.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the application ability of professional English for students major-ing in pharmacy in higher vocational education. METHODS:The career-oriented practical pharmaceutical English course and teach-ing system were constructed through the way of formulation of curriculum standards,establishment of teachers’team,development of school-based teaching material,application of CBI theme teaching mode and variety teaching methods,and it was carried out among students majoring in pharmacy in 2011-2014 grades in our school. Besides,experimental and survey research were used for the evaluation of Proctical Pharmaceutical English. RESULTS:There was no significant difference in the academic achievement and questionnaire evaluation between 2 class before teaching(P>0.05);however,academic achievement and questionnaire evaluation were higher than 2 class after teaching,experimemal class higher than control class,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The career-oriented Practical Pharmaceutical English course and teaching system is feasible and effective;compared with traditional teaching,it can inspire students' interest in English learning,improve the ability to use English in the work and motivate their comprehensive qualities.
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Aim To study the activity and mechanism of inhibition of myocardial hypertrophy of total fla-vonoids of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in spontaneously hy-pertensive rats ( SHR) . Methods Total flavonoids of COM ( COMF) were separated and purified by the op-timal process. SHR were divided into 6 groups: SHR control group ( SHR) , captopril group ( SHR+CAP, 25 μg·g-1 ) , Eucommia ulmoides Oliver group ( SHR+EUO, 30 μg·g-1 ) , low ( SHR+COMF-L, 40 μg ·g-1 ) , middle ( SHR+COMF-M, 80 μg·g-1 ) and high dose ( SHR+COMF-H, 160 μg·g-1 ) of COMF groups. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (n=8) were given distilled water as control. The drugs were given by in-tragastric administration for 16 weeks. The histological and pathological examinations of the heart were per-formed and organic damage was valued. The levels of AngⅡand ALD in blood and heart were evaluated. The mRNA and protein expression of ACE, ACE2 and AT1 was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot to e-valuate the effect of COMF on RAAS. Results Com-pared with SHR control group, HW, HW/BW, LVM and LVM/BW decreased in SHR+COMF-M and SHR+COMF-H groups. Cadiomyocyte hypertrophy was in-hibited in COMF groups. The concentration of AngⅡand ALD in heart and blood decreased. ACE and AT1 mRNA and protein expression in heart tissue de-creased, while ACE2 mRNA expression increased ( P<0. 01 or P <0. 05 ) , Conclusion Total flavonoids of Cydonia oblonga Mill. show the effect of inhibition of myocardial hypertrophy in spontaneously hyperten-sive rats and the mechanism is related to inhibiting ac-tivity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the genotype and the mutation of amino acid (aa) in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among the hepatitis B cases under surveillance in Liaoning province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The serum samples were collected from hepatitis B cases under surveillance in Liaoning. The complete S gene of HBV were amplified and sequenced. The aa sequences were analyzed with bioinformatics software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 81 sequences of S gene of HBV were ontained, including 7 sequences of genotype B (8.64%), 70 sequences of genotype C (86.42%) and 4 sequences of genotype D (4.94%). The mutation rate of aa of MHR of S gene was 4.87%. The mutation rate of T126I was highest (8.64%). The overall prevalence of mutant strain of MHR was 49.38% (40/81), and it was 42.86% for genotype B (3/7), 47.14% for genotype C (33/70) and 100% for genotype D (4/4). Statistical analysis revealed that there was no age, sex, genotypes and anti-HBc IgM (±) specific significant differences in aa mutant strains prevalence, while the difference between ALT abnormal group (ALT ≥ 43 IU/L) and ALT normal group (ALT<43 IU/L) was significant (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Among the hepatitis B cases under surveillance in Liaoning, HBV genotype C predominant, followed by genotype B and genotype D. The mutation of aa in MHR of HBV detected in this study was consistent with previous research results. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance for HBV mutation to provide accurate information for the development of hepatitis B prevention and control measures.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Amino Acid Sequence , China , DNA, Viral , Genotype , Hepatitis B , Genetics , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens , Hepatitis B virus , Genetics , Hydroponics , Mutation , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Objective To determine the moisture in Huodan pills by near-infrared spectroscopy. Methods At the beginning,water content of 174 samples were determined and all data of samples about near-infrared spectrum were collected. And then all the data were pretreated by first-derivative and Savitzky-Golay filter. At last,the NIR quantitative model for moisture in huodan pills was established by partial least squares regression and validated by the validation set. Results The correlation coefficients,the root mean square error overall of calibration, that of cross validation of the calibration model was 0. 988 17, 0. 103,and 0. 326 16,respectively. The root mean square error overall of prediction and the average recovery of validation was 0. 217 and 98. 02%. Conclusion The NIR spectroscopy analysis model is steady,accurate and reliable,which can be used to detecte moisture content of huodan pills.
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Background & Objective:Background &Objective: The class Ⅰ Alcohol Dehydrogenases (ADH) play a key role in hepatic alcohol catabolism. Human ADH is encoded by at least seven genes, and three class Ⅰ ADH genes-ADH1, ADH2 and ADH3, which encode the α, β, and γ subunit respectively, had been isolated and mapped on chromosome 4q21-q25. This experiment tends to clone the human class Ⅰ ADH and investigate its role in the hepatic alcohol catabolism. Methods: A pair of primers were designed and the full-length cDNAs encoding human Class Ⅰ ADH were cloned at one time. Class Ⅰ ADH cDNAs were amplified with RT-PCR from total RNA extracted from fetal human liver and kidney, and cloned into pGEM-T vector. To identify cDNA segments, a pair of differential primers was designed. By using them, a portion of the ADHs which encodes the segment from -4 to 296 was cloned. These cDNA segments then were detected directly when being digested with Kpn Ⅰ and Pst Ⅰ, respectively. Then all the full-length cDNAs were subcloned in the plasmid pTYB11 and expressed in E. Coli. Stably. Alcohol Dehydrogenase activity of catalyzing alcohol were monitored at 340 nm. Results: Here we had successfully the human class Ⅰ ADH cloned and the full-length cDNAs expressed in E.col.I stably. The relative activity of recombinant enzymes metabolizing ethanol was 0.81 ～1.31 U/mg,0.09 ～0.15 U/mg and 0.76～1.11 U/mg, respectively. Conclusions: In the paper, the full-length cDNAs encoding human class Ⅰ AD H were successfully cloned and expressed and the recombinant enzymes showed the activities similar to the ones isolated from liver.